The Atomic Bomb Was The Most Destructive Thing On The...

The atomic bomb was the most destructive thing on the planet at that time. It had the power â€Å"equal to 12-15,000 tons of TNT† or a â€Å"22-kiloton blast† (Bombing Of Hiroshima and Nagasaki) depending on which of the two atomic bombs are being talked about. Using the atomic weapons is something that should not be taken lightly and does not come without consequences, though. However, ending a war or shortening it by any means necessary is a just cause, but to effectively do so a decision must be made on how exactly to end it, the short-term effects must be known and the long term effects must be considered as well. The decision to use atomic weapons stemmed from President Roosevelt wanting to not waste any time in becoming one of the first countries to successfully develop an atomic weapon. President Roosevelt knew that Germany had achieved atomic fission in 1938 and were still secretly working on their atomic experiments. He feared that Germany was ahead of the United States when it came to developing an atomic weapon and if they were the first to successfully weaponize atomic energy, it would mean trouble for the Allies. The reason President Roosevelt wanted to be the first successful country to use atomic weapons is because it would be â€Å"a great new instrument for shortening the war and minimizing destruction† (Stimson). President Roosevelt and his advisors knew that by the time their atomic bomb would be created, the war with Germany would be nearing its final moments, so theShow MoreRelatedShouls Every Country Have the Right to Possess of Nuclear Weapons?930 Words   |  4 Pag escity of Hiroshima. The only cargo aboard that B-29 bomber was an atomic bomb waiting on its target. At 8.15am the bomb dropped on Hiroshima, taking 140,000 lives with it. Most of the 140,000 died instantly, horrifyingly the rest of the innocent civilians that were not in direct contact with the bomb died painful deaths in the four months following. They died from radiation sickness and different types of cancers. Whilst the atomic bomb is considered as one of the greatest inventions of all timeRead MoreNuclear Power And Nuclear Weapons1530 Words   |  7 PagesAll around the world, parts of the human population have been able to create nuclear power; a type of energy that is integrated into atomic energy. Almost 60 years ago, had the commencement of the Manhattan Project begun on the development of the first nuclear weapon. 60 years later, 9 countries alone possess a total of over 23,000 nuclear weapons which is enough to wipe out the human population many times over. This type of power can be found in nuclear plants but has now developed into an extremelyRead MoreThe World s First Nuclear Explosion Essay1645 Words   |  7 PagesThe world’s first nuclear explosion was the product of the discovery of plutonium, a man-made element created in nuclear reactors. Plutonium is created when an atom of uranium-238 absorbs a neutron and transforms into plutonium-239 (P-239). The reactor th en generates the neutrons within a controlled chain reaction. For the neutrons to be absorbed by the uranium, their speed must be slowed while passing through a substance that is a moderator. Graphite and heavy water have been used in the past asRead MoreAtomic Bomb: Introduction of Nuclear Weapon3290 Words   |  14 PagesIn ww2 , the  atomic bomb  was dropped on japan to put an immediate end to the war and not draw other countries (i.e. the soviet union or china) into fighting combatively against the U.S. As far as foreign relations go, it proved to the world that the U.S was the most powerful country in that time ( superpower) . This also relates to several years later during the cold war. It prompted the Soviet Union to develop their own nuclear warfare. (i.e us comes out with hydrogen bomb and a year later USSRRead MoreAtomic Bomb: Introduction of Nuclear Weapon3278 Words   |  14 PagesIn ww2 , the  atomic bomb  was dropped on japan to put an immediate end to the wa r and not draw other countries (i.e. the soviet union or china) into fighting combatively against the U.S. As far as foreign relations go, it proved to the world that the U.S was the most powerful country in that time ( superpower) . This also relates to several years later during the cold war. It prompted the Soviet Union to develop their own nuclear warfare. (i.e us comes out with hydrogen bomb and a year later USSRRead MoreThe Explosive Nuclear Dilemma? Essay1655 Words   |  7 PagesThe Explosive Nuclear Dilemma? The world’s first nuclear explosion was made by plutonium. Plutonium is a man-made element that is produced in nuclear reactors. Plutonium is created when an atom of uranium-238 absorbs a neutron and transforms into plutonium-239. The reactor then generates the neutrons within a controlled chain reaction. For the neutrons to be absorbed by the uranium, their speed must be slowed while passing through a substance that is a moderator. Graphite and heavy water have beenRead MoreFrom Chernobyl to Fukushima Essay1056 Words   |  5 Pagesfault lines, Japanese are accustomed to these shudder and shakes but something was different on March 11th. Moments later a low rumble from the east came, the Pacific Ocean. People began to see a ragged white line in the horizon, within minutes a monstrous wall of waves came sweeping in, clawing across the land destroying everything in its path. If that wasn’t enough, a nuclear accident arose after a power plant was struck. Nightmares wi thin two minutes turned into reality. Only debris remainedRead MoreThe Causes of Semantic Change1637 Words   |  7 Pagessemantic change is impossible unless the whys and wherefores become known. This is of primary importance as it may lead eventually to a clearer, interpretation of language development. The vocabulary is the most flexible part of the language and it is precisely its semantic aspect that responds most readily to every change in the human activity in whatever sphere it may happen to take place. The causes of semantic changes may be grouped under two main headings, linguistic and extra linguistic ones. OfRead MoreEssay on A Cruelty Beyond Comprehension: The Bombing of Hiroshima1820 Words   |  8 PagesIn the late summer of 1945 the decision was made to vaporize over 70,000 Japanese civilians with a single nuclear payload dropped on a city possessing virtually no strategic value. It is estimated over 100,000 more civilians died as a direct result of this bombing in the years that followed. The rationalizations and excuses made to justify the act are myriad. Some say that it saved lives, that it shortened the war. Others say it was justified revenge for the Japanese attack on the naval base at PearlRead MoreThe Discovery Of The Atomic Bomb2431 Words   |  10 Pageswinning WWII was tempered by the realization that science had just created a weapon that could wipe nations off the face of the earth. The atomic bomb, if other countries obtained the technology, could bring abou t a nuclear holocaust. This fear of technology could have stymied scientific progress post WWII. However, going into the Cold War, people once again put their hope in science and looked at scientific progress as a measure of whether they were beating the Soviet Union. This was most evident in

Terrorism September 11th, 2001 Essay - 870 Words

Everyone in America remembers 9/11/ in the United States it was a horrible day. Since then America has never been the same, but we cannot let that day change the way we think and act. Since the attack on September 11th, 2001 American citizens have been afraid of terrorists. The biggest contributor to this fear was 9/11, but that was not the only recent world attack. Terrorist attacks in Syria have also created fear, yet Syria is nowhere near the United States. While terrorism is definitely a threat, this concern is exaggerated. September 11th, 2001 was the day two Boeing 767s crashed into the the World Trade Center in NYC; this day changed everything. In the United States, security in airports and borders changed, adding many new†¦show more content†¦The chance of dying from anything, being in a car crash or from a disease is so much greater than a terrorist attack, There is a much higher chance to die from everyday activities than a terrorist attack, this is simple fact. Most of this dismay has few causes, one of the most prevalent being the media. We’ve all seen it, the news with there huge headlines about attacks in other countries and bombings, and they show thin over, and over. This generates the panic and the fear that terrorists want (â€Å"The Nature of Terrorism†). They want to be feared, and the media is giving them what they want. not only that its effecting the United States people. The media shows terrorism in different countries almost everyday in the U.S. This broadcasting makes it seem that terrorism happens in our country, when it is actually very rare for the United States. Not only that, on some cases the media always stretches the truth a little to make it seem more exciting or more dangerous. It is a fact that terrorism is happening all over the world, mostly in the middle east, but that doesnt mean its going to happen here. It very well could, saying it can’t would be lying, but we cannot exaggerate a threat that is currently non-existent. People in the United States are affected by these media outlets and these attacks on our country. Making them paranoid that it will happen again, The United States is trying to help countries with terrorism, which is good but in the long run,Show MoreRelatedTerrorism and Political Violence by Alex Schmid1312 Words   |  5 Pages Terrorism can be defined and viewed in many different ways. As discussed in â€Å"Terrorism and Political Violence,† by Alex Schmid, there are multiple frameworks in which terrorism can be defined (Schmid 2010, 197). In Schmid’s article, he discusses the five ways he feels terrorism can be looked at, terrorism as/and politics, terrorism as/and crime, terrorism as/and warfare, terrorism as/and communication and terrorism as/and religious fundamentalism (Schmid 2010, 197). This is interesting because itRead MoreThe Terrorist Attack 9 / 11 Essay1668 Words   |  7 Pagesrights to freedom and believed that whoever was responsible for this act of terrorism is held responsible. His values and beliefs can be seen as a conservatism ideology as he believes terrorists must be stopped and destroyed, he doesn’t believe that militant Islamists can peacefully co-exist with the Western world, forever will be on going attacks on America implicated by Islamic terrorists (28). Conservatisms believe that terrorism posses one of the greatest threats to the United States of America (34)Read MoreChanges Caused by the Attacks of September 11, 2001 Essay1471 Words   |  6 Pages The attacks of September 11th, 2001 were carried out by four different planes hijacked by 19 hijackers. One of the planes hit the North Twin Tower in New York City, and another hitting the South Twin Tower in New York City. One hitting the Pentagon and another crashed into a field in Shanksville, Pennsylvania with an unknown route. Over 2,900 people were killed in the nine-eleven attacks. These attacks were a changing point in American societ y because it increased the securityRead MoreThe Effects Of Hate Crimes Against Muslims978 Words   |  4 PagesOn September 11th of 2001, more than 3,000 people died during the terrorist attacks. The event changed the lives of not just the people whose loved ones died on that day, but also of those who belonged to the Islamic world. The experience of Muslims who lived in America in 2001 and those who were yet to come here would never be the same again. After 9/11, the number of hate crimes against Muslims in the United States increased and their everyday lives changed forever due to the rise of islamophobiaRead MoreOn September 11Th, 2001, Terrorists Hijacked Four Planes1182 Words   |  5 PagesOn September 11th, 2001, terrorists hijacked four planes of American commercial airlines. Later same day, they have coordinated to deliver a devastating blow, crushing two planes in World Trade Center towers and one more in Pentagon. The responsibility for these gruesome acts has been cl aimed by terrorist organization Al-Qaeda. The damage the attacks have caused went way beyond three thousand lives of the civilians that were killed that day. These terrorist acts have caused dramatic changes onRead MoreTerrorism And The United Nations Security Council1351 Words   |  6 PagesTerrorism by its very nature disrupts international peace and security through premeditated, political violence. The 11th September attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon disrupted the global economy. The attacks spawned and facilitated widespread personal fear, panic and economic dislocation (Bergen, 2002). According to the United Nations Security Council, one of the objectives of the terrorists was to create a state of global anarchy by means of influencing the conduct of governmentRead MoreThe Events of Septemeber 11th, 2011: 9/11 Essay726 Words   |  3 PagesOn September 11th, 2001, the Islamic Extremist group, Al-Qaeda, had sent 20 terrorists to hijack three airliner jets to crash into the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. A fourth jet was on route to the white house, but it crashed in the fields of Pennsylvania. Over three thousand people were killed during this tragic event. This major world event is referred as 9/11, which resulted in a major crackdown on terrorism. Jennifer Caverly, an 11th grade math teacher, thought 9/11 was a terrifying eventRead More Patriot Act Essays1231 Words   |  5 Pagesterrorists before they strike, (President George W. Bush at signing of Patriot Act, 2001). The terrorists of today cannot be reasoned with. We must do whatever necessary to ensu re that there never will be another September 11th. Since the enactment of the Patriot Act, there have not been any major acts of terrorism committed on U.S. soil. If the Act had been established earlier, perhaps the tragedy of September 11th would have been prevented. The Patriot Act has applied common sense knowledge and resourcesRead MoreThe Connection between 9/11 and the Need for Foreign Oil Essay examples1227 Words   |  5 PagesSeptember 11th, 2001 will always be a day that will be remembered. It was a day in history where time it seemed stood still, and one that became a moment of pronounced transformation. Today the United States and other parts of the world are still plagued by the viscosity of this tragedy; both through the wars that were established towards Iraq and Afghanistan over a decade ago, and by the continuous conflict in terms of who and why created the events that occurred on that fateful day. This analysisRead MorePolicing Is A Major Effect On The World Terr orist Attacks On September 11th1688 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the world the terrorist attacks on September 11th, 2001 changed the way the world has looked at terrorism. Everything from policing to the way people board onto airplanes and travel via public transportation has changed in a tremendous way. Policing is a major effect that has changed at all-different training drills to be prepared for every situation for the different types of units just focusing on terrorism. The NYPD has changed in a huge way from that day. They have started over five

Essay about A Clean Well Lighted Place by Ernest Hemingway

â€Å"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place† â€Å"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place,† was written in 1933, by Ernest Hemingway. The main characters in the story are two waiters, one old, one young and an older man who is their customer in the cafà © on the evening the story takes place. There are three main elements of style portrayed in the short story, â€Å"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place.† The elements of imagery, symbolism and irony, are illustrated throughout the short story, in turn leading to the theme of despair. Imagery is the first element shown when describing the cafà ©. (1st paragraph) The elements of light and dark come into play when talking about the â€Å"old man who sat in the shadow the leaves of the tree made against the electric light. In the day time†¦show more content†¦The reason this becomes symbolic is because the story is about religion and being Catholic, and being a Catholic, it is believed to be a sin if you commit suicide and you do not go to Heaven. The older man stated the prayer by saying â€Å"Our nada who art in nada, nada be thy name†¦Ã¢â‚¬  which he is inferring that he feels nothing, nothing is there and nothing is going to help. Irony is the other element of style found in the story. In the closing lines of â€Å"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place,† it is evident that the author and the waiter are not identical. (p. 181) In the last line of the story, the older waiter says to himself â€Å"After all it is probably only insomnia. Many must have it.† After reading the entire story and then reading the quotation prior, the reader already knows that this is not just â€Å"insomnia,† but the waiter’s grim view of â€Å"nada† or nothingness. The irony of this sentence explains that he does not realize he is dropping into despair because he is in denial. The theme of despair in â€Å"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place† is clearly depicted through all three elements of s tyle: imagery, symbolism, and irony. Each element of style helps the reader to fully understand the importance of the older waiters’ denial therefore leading him into despair. In order to overcome this fear or denial one must have an understanding of faith specifically Catholicism as seen in theShow MoreRelatedA Clean Well-Lighted Place, by Ernest Hemingway990 Words   |  4 Pages Ernest Hemingway’s short story, A Clean Well Lighted Place, created literary controversy when it was initially published in 1933. During this time, there were several literary critics concerned with the dialogue inconsistencies. In the original story, the reader would not be able to distinguish between the two waiters. Hemingway failure to identify the characters by name leaves the story flawed according to the literary critics. Hemingway does not go into the mind of any characters butRead MoreA Clean, Well Lighted Place By Ernest Hemingway1640 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place† is possibly one of Hemingway’s most excellent short stories. It depicts the techniques of his signature writing style. The narrative is a perfect example of an initiation story, a short story that focuses on the key character that comes across a concept, encounter, practice or knowledge he never knew. The characters in his story are the old man, young waiter, and the old waiter. Hemingway employs a number of literary tools in the story to convey his themes of lifeRead MoreA Clean, Well Lighted Place By Ernest Hemingway1034 Words   |  5 PagesErnest Hemingway developed his own style of writing and follows it in â€Å"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place†. Hemingway’s elegance in writing is such that he indirectly gives all of the information to the reader without making any judgment; thus allowing one to create an opinion about every minute detail of the story. Hemingway illustrates his foundations of writing in â€Å"A Clean, Well-Li ghted Place† by providing small clues that provide an indirect view of the larger meaning. Hemingway illustrates one ofRead MoreA Clean, Well Lighted Place By Ernest Hemingway1950 Words   |  8 Pageseverything humanity values in life is utterly meaningless. The author Ernest Hemingway is one of the few people who understands this concept of a pointless life. In his short story, â€Å"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place,† Hemingway reveals the principle of existentialism, that life is inherently meaningless and people must attempt to give their own lives purpose, through an analysis of the inner workings of life as a human. Hemingway first reveals life’s meaningless nature through a description of the coreRead MoreA Clean, Well Lighted Place By Ernest Hemingway1628 Words   |  7 PagesIn Ernest Hemingway’s â€Å"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place† the use of plot, symbolism, characters, and theme creates an intricate and complex story line. The elements of plot keep the readers engaged by guiding the reader though the story. Hemingway emphasizes on despair, loneliness, and isolation as major themes in his short story to help the reader understand the main idea. The themes represent the challenge of finding meaning in life. He also challenges the reader’s understanding of compassion thoughRead MoreA Clean, Well Lighted Place By Ernest Hemingway1024 Words   |  5 PagesWhen profound emotions and heartfelt experiences lay beneath a narrative subtext, a simple short story can become an elaborate puzzle where one continues to discover new pieces. Ernest Hemingway’s, â€Å"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place† is a fascinating short story that has a powerful theme of ‘nothingness’ and ‘loneliness’ enveloped beneath its dialogue. This short story’s re-readability pulls us, the reader, back into its’ text just to discover that a specific character’s dialogue could elude to yet anotherRead MoreA Clean, Well Lighted Place By Ernest Hemingway1854 Words   |  8 PagesErnest Hemingway is a noble prize winner that is noticed as one of the great American twentieth century writers, and is known for works like â€Å"The Sun Also Rises† and â€Å"For Whom the Bell Tolls†. When first reading Ernest Hemingway’s short story â€Å"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place† it seemed to be a plain, emotionless, and almost not finished short story. Although, as the reader looks deeper into the short story, they realize it’s not just about a clean, quiet, well lighted cafà © that has two employees thatRe ad MoreA Clean, Well Lighted Place By Ernest Hemingway972 Words   |  4 Pagesin a Clean, Well-Lighted Place Despair is an emotion that can rob one’s joy, inner peace, and eventually, life. The desire for serenity is usually sought after by a person whose life is futile and is at his or her wit’s end. That individual is usually left with no other alternative but to come to the realization that if he or she fails at his or her attempts (such as suicide) to alleviate despair, then the opportunity of finding peace and comfort is an alternative worth pursuing. In Ernest Hemingway’sRead MoreA Clean, Well Lighted Place By Ernest Hemingway849 Words   |  4 Pagesin life, and try to make rational existing in an irrational universe. The fact that humans are conscious of their mortality, and must make decisions about their life is basically what existentialism is all about. In the story â€Å"A clean, Well-lighted place† by Ernest Hemingway was about two waiters waiting to close up the restaurant/cafà © for the night. They only had one customer left, an old man who wa s deaf and drunk. But he wasn’t causing any trouble, just keeping to himself. The two waiters apparentlyRead More Nothingness in A Clean Well-Lighted Place by Ernest Hemingway1369 Words   |  6 PagesNothingness in A Clean Well-Lighted Place by Ernest Hemingway Man is often plagued by the question of his own existence. Existentialism is a subjective philosophy that is centered upon the examination of man’s existence, emphasizing the liberation, responsibility, and usually the solitude of the individual. It focuses on individuals finding a reason for living within themselves. The philosophy forces man to make choices for himself, on the premise that nothing is preordained, there is no fate

Capitalism is an Oppressive Economic and Social System

Imagine a society where a small minority of people have absolute control over masses. In such a society, mass media and institutions are the major means of spreading messages of false hope and promises. Through the mass propaganda machines of mass media and popular culture, a state of group think and conformity is established where a set of values is enforced so that a few may benefit immensely at the expense of many. One would think that such a tale is told only in dystopian fiction but the truth is that we live in such a society and the main cause of this oppression of the masses is our economic and social system, Capitalism. Capitalism is an oppressive economical and social system. It serves as a tool used by the rich minority†¦show more content†¦One individual that was able to see through the myths and utopian propaganda presented by this corrupt system was the Argentinean revolutionary Ernesto â€Å"Che† Guevara. In a letter titled â€Å"Socialism and man in Cu ba†, Guevara writes â€Å"The laws of capitalism, which are blind and are invisible to ordinary people, act upon the individual without he or she being aware of it. One sees only the vastness of a seeming infinite horizon ahead. That is how it is painted by capitalistic propaganda.†[3]. During long journeys through much of South America, Guevara realized that capitalism is a system that exploits many and creates many social injustices and class divisions [4]. The recent â€Å"Arab Spring† protests are an example of groups of individuals realizing that the dreams painted by capitalism are false and these individuals have realized that the class divisions created by capitalism don’t just disappear with more education as the capitalistic rhetoric perpetuates. The â€Å"Arab Spring† has caused the fall of 3 presidents, Pres. Hosni Mubarak and Pres. Mohammad Morsi in Egypt and Pres. Ben Ali in Tunisia, as well as the death of the dictator Muammar Gaddafi [5]. It has also served as the inspiration for protests elsewhere, such as by the Occupy Movement and the hacktivist group â€Å"Anonymous†. These revolutionaries like Che Guevara have realized that capitalism is an oppressive system that creates divides and just like him are working to change it. Our economic system,Show MoreRelatedMarx s Criticism Of Capitalism1282 Words   |  6 Pages According to Karl Marx in the Economic and Philosophic Manuscript of 1844, â€Å"the only wheels which political economy sets in motion are greed and the war amongst the greedy - competition.† A capitalist society, defined by the systems of competition and private ownership, is divided into two classes - the â€Å"property owners† and the â€Å"propertyless workers† (701). In this system, workers suffer from exploitation and alienation, while capitalists grow wealthier and more powerful. In 2011, Occupy WallRead MoreMarx And Durkheim On Religion839 Words   |  4 Pagessees religion as serving a positive function, uniting individuals in society, Marx regards religion as an oppressive institution which society must rid itself of. The purpose of this paper then, is to compare and contrast both Marx and Durkheim’s similar, yet, however divergent beliefs concerning religion and the purpose it serves in society. For Durkheim, religion provides society with social cohesion and solidarity. He maintains that community is necessary for religion to exist. Thus, since itRead MoreThe Works Of Richard Robbins : Global Problem And The Culture Of Capitalism1268 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Problems and the Culture of Capitalism, and Allan Johnson, Privilege, Power, and Difference, address privilege, inequality, and capitalism through sociological and historical references. Through reading and analyzing these works along with our class lectures it has become apparent that there is a clear relationship between these systems. Capitalism causes and enforces systems of inequality and privilege. Capitalism is able to do this through the construct of social reality, the matrix of capitalistRead MoreKarl Marx and Marx Weber Essay1141 Words   |  5 PagesKarl Marx and Marx Weber The latter part of the nineteenth century wa s teeming with evolved social and economical ideas. These views of the social structure of industrial society came about through the development of ideals taken from past revolutions such as the Industrial Revolution which steamed ahead paving the way for growing commerce, and widened the gap between the classes. The developmentRead MoreThe Economic Structure Of Feudal Society983 Words   |  4 PagesEmerging, as Marx posits, â€Å"out of the economic structure of feudal society,† Capitalism quickly became a pervasive, relentless and seemingly inescapable structure. â€Å"The emancipation from serfdom and from the fetters of the guild† led, on one hand, to the unprecedented creation of various economic and social opportunities. Conversely, Marx also acknowledges that â€Å"these new freedmen became sellers of themselves only after they had been robbed of all their own means of production, and of all the guaranteesRead MoreEssay The Efficiency of Economic Systems959 Words   |  4 Pagesthe differences between capitalism and socialism have led to contradictions in several countries on how to run the country economically, socially, and politically. Between these two economic systems, people usually debate about the role of the government and economic equality. A lthough, capitalism and socialism have similar characteristics, the differences between capitalism and socialism make capitalism a better way of life. Most importantly, both socialism and capitalism have established effectiveRead MoreMarxist Perspective On Religion And Liberation Theology1199 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to Marx’s conflict theory, which examined the interaction between economic systems and power structures such as religious institutions, the power relations of the economy were reinforced by â€Å"traditional religious icons or the modern icons of mass consumerism† (Callaghan 199). His belief that religious icons and icons of mass consumerism are reinforcing oppressive structures could be viewed as a type of â€Å"methodological atheism†, for Marx fails to acknowledge the significance of transcendenceRead MoreWho Stole The American Dream?756 Words   |  4 PagesWho Stole the American Dream? Hedrick Smith paints a clear and accessible but grim portrait of how economics, politics, power, and democracy have vastly changed in the United States. I agree with Smith that wealth and power inequali ty are extremely harmful. That a few individuals have prospered at the expense of the many is extremely unethical and unjust. I appreciate his critique of the current system, and historical perspective regarding how democracy has been systematically and intentionally erodedRead MoreThe Impacts of the Emergence of Sociology on the Works of Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx and Max Weber1057 Words   |  4 PagesThe emergence of sociology as a discipline is a result of the social, economic, political and technological developments in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In this essay, the adequacy of this viewpoint will be analysed by pointing out these developments and highlighting their impact on the works of Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx and Max Weber. The three are considered because they are regarded as the pioneers of sociology. Furthermore, the relevance of the early work of the above to modern sociologyRead MoreThe Jungle Book by Upton Sinclair1261 Words   |  6 Pagesexploits its workers, many of whom are uneducated and poor in the same way a capitalist government exploits its working class. Sinclair uses Symbolism in terms of physical objects, Objects that serve a metaphorical purpose, and oppressive tone, to persuade the reader that Capitalism leads to the declination and corruption of America and that the only way to remedy this is socialistic government. Among the few things in The Jungle that is referred to a symbol is the family house. The house is a symbolic

The problem solution of rmg free essay sample

Submitted to Institute of Governance Studies BRAC University Dhaka In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Master of Arts in Governance and Development (MAGD) Institute of Governance Studies BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh November 2010 Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. I authorize the Institute of Governance Studies (IGS) and BRAC University to lend this thesis to other Institutions or individuals for the purpose of scholarly research only. I further authorize the IGS and BRAC University to reproduce this thesis by photocopying or by other means, in total or in part, at the request of other institutions for the purpose of scholarly research. Urmi Tamanna ID-07272026 MAGD Batch-2 IGS, BRAC University i Acknowledgement All praise and gratitude to Allah (The alone we worship, the alone we ask for Help). This is matter of challenge and enjoyment to do a research work in a supportive academic environment like IGS and BRAC University. Firstly, I would like to express my sincere respect to my supervisor Professor Iftekhar Ghani Chowdhury for his valuable guidance and unparallel support which makes me confident to work on this challenging issue. I had full support from my family; my husband, Insha and Taasin, Father, Mother, Sister and Brother. I also got tremendous support from Raihan and my other batch mates (BCS 21st and MAGD). I would thank Netherlands Government and BRAC University to study in the MAGD programme. Finally I show my sincere obligation and respect to the people of Bangladesh and the Ministry of Finance on behalf of Government of Bangladesh to allow me to study in this beautiful place and academic zone. ii Table of Contents Page No. Declaration I Acknowledgement II Table of Contents III-IV Abbreviation V Abstract VI Chapter One- Introduction 1-16 1. 1 Historical Development of Labor Law in Bangladesh 1 1. 2 Present Situation 2 1. 3 Worker’s Rights Situation 3 1. 4 Lack of Union’s Legal Advisory System 3 1. 5 Professional Legal Support is Costly 3 1. 6 New Labor Code 4 1. 7 The Functions of Labor Union 4 1. 8 Labor Union in Bangladesh 5 1. 9 Industrial Relations Act, 2004 6 1. 10 Labor Union Activities in Bangladesh 7 1. 11 Trade Union Activities in RMG Sector 8 1. 12 Labor Union in EPZ Units 10 1. 13 The Situation during Caretaker Government 10 1. 14 ILO Directives 11 1. 15 Rationale of the Study 13 1. 16 Background of the Research 13 1. 17 Objective of this Research Work 14 1. 17 (a) Research Question 14 1. 17 (b) Hypothesis 14 1. 18 Methodology 14 1. 19 Sources of Data 14 1. 20 Analytical Tools Used 15 1. 21 Sample Size and Structure 15 1. 22 Limitations 16 1. 23 Structure of the Study 16 iii Chapter Two- Labor Outburst in RMG Sector of Bangladesh 17-21 2. 1Various incidence of labor unrest 17 2. 2 Small Beginnings of a Mass Revolt 17 2. 3 Containing Riots in the RMG Sector 2. 4 Conclusion 19 20 Chapter Three – Literature Review 22-28 3. 2 Grievance of labor was the centre of the labor unrest 22 3. 3 Agreements with Garment Workers not honored 24 3. 4 Non implementation of minimum wage 25 3. 5 Lack of tolerance of the labor was reason behind that unrest 25 3. 6 Other interest Parties 26 3. 7 Labor legislation and labor unrest 26 3. 8 Unions and workers 27 3. 9 Issue which is not addressed 27 3. 10 Questionnaire 27 3. 11 Conclusion 28 Chapter Four Stakeholders’ perception regarding labor union 29-39 4. 2 Issues that are Addressed in Questionnaire 29 4. 3 Overall Response 29 4. 6 Response of respondents from unaffected garment industries 33 4. 8 Response of respondents from affected garment industries Where Labor was Occurred 4. 9 Conclusion Chapter Five- Findings and Conclusion 36 39 40-43 5. 2 Lesson Learned 43 5. 3 Further Research 43 Reference 44 Appendix One –Questionnaire 45 Appendix Two-– Brief scenario of RMG sector of Bangladesh 46-50 iv ABBREVIATIONS BEA Bangladesh Economic Association BGMEA Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association BILS Bangladesh Institute of Labor Studies FDI Foreign Direct Investment GDP Gross Domestic Product LU Labour Union MFA Multi-Fibre Arrangement RMG Ready Made Garments EPZ Export Processing Zone v ABSTRACT Readymade Garments (RMG) is the main foreign exchange earning sector of Bangladesh. At the same time this labor intensive sector is very important to address the demands of occupation of a huge population. Reputation of this sector is high which underpins the success of this sector. But in recent times the growth and existence of this sector came under threat when this sector faced severe labor unrest. Due to the labor unrest there has been huge loss of production, and some of the factories were ruined by protesters, several laborers were killed, and lot of labors were injured and arrested. It is said that there were legitimate demand of the laborers which should have been addressed by the owners. But these demands were not addressed which created the grievance of the laborers. In course of time these grievance bolstered the unrest. On the other hand, some laborers were not sincere and honest to their job and responsibilities. These laborers involved themselves in the destruction of their own industries. While most of the researchers addressed the reasons of that unrest, in this research the probable solution of that problem has been addressed by collecting stakeholders’ perceptions through questionnaires. It has been found that to address the grievances and to consider the limitations of the financial capacity of the owners a bridging mechanism, labor union, between laborers and owner is needed. Moreover, it was found that most of the respondents think that labor union can be used as a tool to mitigate the risks of labor unrest in RMG sector of Bangladesh. vi Labor Unrest in Bangladesh RMG Sector: Does Active Labor Union Reduce the Risk of Labor Unrest in RMG Sector? A Dissertation by Urmi Tamanna ID-07272026 MAGD Batch-2 Approved as to Style and Contents By Professor Iftekhar Ghani Chowdhury Supervisor Institute of Governance Studies BRAC University, Dhaka, Bangladesh November 2010 Labor Unrest in Bangladesh RMG Sector: Does active labor union reduce the risk of labor unrest in RMG sector? Chapter-One Introduction Introduction The readymade garments (RMG) sector, the single biggest foreign exchange earner in Bangladesh has come a long way in last two decades. The industry has crossed many hurdles to stay competitive. It has proved many predictions futile and wrong and competes fiercely even after the abolition of quotas under Multi-Fibre Arrangement (MFA) in the North American market and special market entry to European markets. The credit for that achievement goes primarily to the entrepreneurs and the laborers. But the relationship between these two major contributors has come into question and the industry is under severe pressure because of labor unrest. After the labor unrest of 2006 in several RMG units, the sector sustained a loss to the tune of US$60 million, Khan, S. (2007). The fact remains that trade unionism is virtually absent in the garments sector and when responsible labor movement is not given any chance, the consequence is indiscipline and chaos leading to a situation where the mob takes over. So the notion of the absence of labor unionism in the garments in most of the industries as a reason for widespread violence needs more research to reveal the reasons behind and offer possible policy solutions to the crisis. 1. 1 Historical development of Labor Law In Bangladesh In British-India industrialization paved its way during the last part of eighteenth century. Workers condition of work, environment was worst. That time the few labor laws existed in the sub-continent was not enough to protect the rights of the working people. Most of the labour laws we have inherited from British-India and Pakistani period. First labor law came in this subcontinent was Workers Compensation Act, 1923. Workers got their Trade Union rights after a long struggle under Trade Union Act, 1926. At the time of Pakistani period 2 separate laws was there, Trade Union Act Industrial Dispute Settlement Act, these 2 laws merge into Industrial Relation Ordinance, 1969. Major labor laws enacted in the year 1965, such as Factories Act, Shops Establishment Act, Employment of Labour (SO) Act. Later on, so many amendments made on labor laws. Moreover, separate rules were also enacted for 1 better implementation of the law. Bangladesh government set up a separate Inspection Authority to supervise and monitor the implementation of labor laws. 1. 2 Present situation Our labor laws are presently scattered in different statutes. In other words, labour laws are yet to be codified. The necessity of such codification had been felt by many since long. Besides, the existing labor laws suffer from some inherent flaws and require to be updated to meet the present demand of proper dispensation of justice. Actually we inherited the laws and the legal system of our country from British-India. The British enacted laws to primarily suit their colonial purpose. Now ours is liberated country and its outlook and demand have changed drastically. Therefore either the existing laws should be adequately amended or new laws be enacted, suiting the present demand of the society. Out of 44 statutes of our labor laws 2 are from the nineteenth century and another 13 from the between the beginning of twentieth century and the partition of the sub-continent in 1947. Another 23 statutes were enacted during the Pakistan period (1947-1971), the reset i. e. , six statutes have been enacted since liberation. These scattered laws need to be unified. Keeping this in view in 1992 a National Labour Law Commission was formed. The Commission opted for recommending the enactment of a Labour Code. The successions for a Labour Code, however, seem to have been shelved, at least for the time being. Nevertheless, occasional attempts have been undertaken to revive interest in the proposed Labour Code. The National Trade Union Leaders of the Labour Law Review Committee was reconstituted in August 1998. Earlier the International Labour Organization-ILO office in Bangladesh also submitted its comments on the Draft Labour Code prepared by the Commission. 7-member review committee has been formed by the government to re-asses the proposed Draft Labour Code. However, after the emergence of the new state of Bangladesh, no such initiative has ever been taken by any of the successive governments and the issue has always been given back seat by them. Surprisingly, the new recommended Labour Code, 1994 of the National Labour Law Commission is still awaiting governments approval and subsequent enactment. Without a complete Labour Code, to end the violation of workers rights will remain a far cry. 2 1. 3 Workers rights situation Workers rights are highly violated in the country. Mass people are not aware of the rights of working people. Even the policy makers are not that much concerned. Civil society shows negligence towards the rights of the workers. The Constitution of the country guarantees rights to organize but unfortunately there are so many restrictions to form and join Trade Union in several types of industries and areas i. e. Govt. Employees, Export Processing Zones (EPZ), Rural Electrification Board, and all types of security and confidential staffs, Security Printing Press, employees of education/research institutions, hospitals and clinics, NGOs, Army, Police etc. To meet the end of these violation and deprivation awareness should be raised among the workers themselves. Labor Union activists should be given more knowledge and power to build their capacity in collective bargaining and motivational activity. 1. 4 Lack of unions legal advisory system Due to multiplicity, in house union system, political tailing and lack of one single National Trade Centre, trade unions becoming weak day by day. Membership dues collection for union and rate of dues are very small size. Due to financial inability members are not getting so many services from the union. One of important service they required is to get legal advice at the time of facing grievance handling, preparing court cases, protection of their rights etc. At present union has no such legal advisory system. Bangladesh Institute of Labour Studies (BILS) can provide such services by establishing a small legal cell. 1. 5 Professional legal support is costly Legal advice and legal support is always a costly service not only in Bangladesh but almost anywhere in the world. Workers income rate are very poor, their social security scheme are also weak. Working class are always facing serious problem when they get some problem on their job. Workers jobs are always on risk. The employers have so much power to terminate 3 the job of workers. To face the legal court cases professional lawyers services they need but their services are very costly. Workers have no ability to pay for that. 1. 6 New Labor Code The country’s constitution guaranteed all the fundamental rights of the citizen and every body are equal in the eye of law, irrespective of color, sex, class, profession and religion. Bangladesh is a member of ILO since 1972 and obtained membership of the UN in 1974. Though it has ratified 7 out of 8 core ILO Conventions the employers are use to ignoring the law. Most of the ratified ILO conventions are not fully implemented. The present labour law of the country should be updated; a complete labour code should be passed. A step was taken in this regard in 1994 and a labor code was proposed. Trade Union federations of the country made their recommendations and suggestions to make the code a complete document for protecting workers rights, but the government is still to pass the code. [BILS 2005] 1. 7 The functions of Labor Union A trade union or labor union is an organization of workers who band together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages, hours, and working conditions, forming a cartel of labor. The trade union, through its leadership, bargains with the employer on behalf of union members (rank and file members) and negotiates labor contracts with employers. This may include the negotiation of wages, work rules, complaint procedures, rules governing hiring, firing and promotion of workers, benefits, workplace safety and policies. The agreements negotiated by the union leaders are binding on the rank and file members and the employer and in some cases on other non-member workers. These organizations may comprise individual workers, professionals, past workers, or the unemployed. The most common, but by no means only, purpose of these organizations is maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment Over the last three hundred years, many trade unions have developed into a number of forms, influenced by differing political and economic regimes. The immediate objectives and activities of trade unions vary and include: 4 †¢ Provision of benefits to members: Early trade unions, like Friendly Societies, often provided a range of benefits to insure members against unemployment, ill health, old age and funeral expenses. In many developed countries, these functions have been assumed by the state; however, the provision of professional training, legal advice and representation for members is still an important benefit of trade union membership. †¢ Collective bargaining: Where trade unions are able to operate openly and are recognized by employers, they may negotiate with employers over wages and working conditions. †¢ Industrial action: Trade unions may enforce strikes or resistance to lockouts in furtherance of particular goals. †¢ Political activity: Trade unions may promote legislation favorable to the interests of their members or workers as a whole. To this end they may pursue campaigns, undertake lobbying, or financially support individual candidates or parties (such as the Labour Party in Britain) for public office. (wikipedia) 1. 8 Labor Union in Bangladesh The Industrial Relations Ordinance, 1969 [Ordinance XXIII of 1969] [13th November, 1969] This ordinance is about formation of trade unions, the regulation of relations between employers and workmen and the avoidance and settlement of any differences or disputes arising between them or matters connected therewith. Certain related sections are depicted below. Sec 2(v): â€Å" Collective bargaining agent † in relation to an establishment or industry, means the trade union of workmen which, under section 22, is the agent of the workmen in the establishment or, as the case may be, industry, in the matter of collective bargaining; Sec 2(xiii): â€Å" Industrial Dispute† means any dispute or difference between employers and employers or between employers and workmen or between workmen and workmen, which is connected with the employment or non employment or the terms of employment or the conditions of work of any person; 5 Sec 2(xxiv): â€Å"Settlement† means a settlement arrived at in the course of conciliation proceeding, and includes an agreement between an employer and his workmen arrived at otherwise than in the course of any conciliation proceeding, where such agreement is in writing, has been signed by the parties thereto in such manner as may be prescribed and a copy thereto in such manner as may be prescribed and a copy thereof has been sent to the Government, the Conciliator and such other person as may be prescribed; Sec 2(xxvi): â€Å"Trade Union† means any combination of workmen or employers formed primarily for the purpose of regulating the relations between workmen and employers, or for imposing restrictive conditions on the conduct or any trade or business and includes a federation of two or more trade unions; Sec 3: Trade unions and freedom of association. Subject to the provisions contained in this Ordinancea) Workers, without distinction whatsoever, shall have the right to establish and, subject only to the Rules of the organization concerned, to join associations of their own choosing without previous authorization; b) Employers, without distinct whatsoever, shall have the right to establish and, subject only to the Rules of the organization concerned, to join associations of their own choosing without previous authorization; c) Trade unions and employers’ associations shall have the right to draw up their constitutions and rules, to elect their representatives in full freedom, to organize their administration and activities and to formulate their programmes; d) Workers’ and employers’ organizations shall have the right to establish and join federations and confederations and any such organization, federation or confederation shall have the right to affiliate with international organizations and confederations of workers’ and employers’ organization; [Khan, 2006 p. p155-162] 1. 9 Industrial Relations Act, 2004 [Act no. 23 of 2004] [4th September, 2004] This Act made provisions for recognizing the right of the workers to form association, regulation of relations and settlement of differences or disputes arising between employers 6 and workers in Export Processing Zones and for matters connected therewith. Certain related sections are depicted below. Sec 5: Workers representation and welfare committee. – (1) After commencement of this Act, the Executive Chairman or any officer authorized by him in that behalf, shall require the employer and the workers in an industrial unit in a zone to constitute, in prescribed manner, a Workers Representation and Welfare Committee, hereinafter referred to as the committee. Sec 11: Duration and cessation of committee. – (1) A committee constituted in a Zone shall be in existence till October 31, 2006 Sec 13: Formation of Workers Association. (1) With expiry of October 31, 2006 and beginning of November 1, 2006, the workers in an industrial unit situated within the territorial limits of a Zone shall have the right to form association to engage in industrial relations subject to the provisions made by or under this Act. [Khan, 2006 p. p497-506] 1. 10 Labor union activities in Bangladesh The trade unions are very strong in Bangladesh, although only 3. 5 percent of the workforce is unionized, but most of the unions are limited to the public sector or state-controlled enterprises. According to the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU), there are a total of 23 national trade union centers in Bangladesh and approximately 5,450 trade unions. The largest of these are the Bangladesh Jatio Sramik League (BJSL); the Bangladesh Jatiyatabadi Sramik Dal (BJSD); the Jatiya Sramik Party (JSP); the Bangladesh Free Trade Union Congress (BFTUC); and the Jatio Sramik League (JSL). These bodies are organized together in the ICFTU Bangladesh Council. About 1. 8 million of the countrys workers belong to unions, out of a total workforce of approximately 58 million. The unions tend to have strong links to major political parties or are controlled by political figures, and they often lead political action and strikes in the country. Strikes are extremely common in Bangladesh and can paralyze business activities for weeks. The private sector is less unionized and trade unions are practically banned from the Export Processing Zones (EPZ) until 2008, as the EPZ is exempted from certain labor laws. In case of industrial dispute the problems are supposed to be solved through the Labor Tribunal. 7 Unlike many Middle Eastern countries, women in Bangladesh enjoy considerable freedom and are generally involved in education and labor, although the employment and literacy rates among them generally are lower than among men. Recent surges in the garment industry brought new employment opportunities for women, as around 95 percent of people employed in this sector are women. However, in the rural areas the women very often are disadvantaged and among the poorer members of the communities. Currently, more than 37 percent of the labor force is women. However, unionization among women, and hence the protection of their rights, is generally lower than among men. [National Economies Encyclopedia] 1. 11 Trade union activities in RMG sector Trade Union movement in garments sector is very weak. Even it is weaker than the other sectors. There are 8 country wide registered trade union federations. There are 9 federations registered as division based. Another 5 registered federations are combined with Jute, Textile and leather Sector. Apart from these, there are 6 unregistered federations in this sector. There are 3 alliances in the garment sector. These are: 1. Bangladesh Garments Workers Unity Council. 2. Bangladesh Garments Workers and Employees Unity Council. 3. B. N. C. C. (Bangladesh Coordinating Committee, affiliated with (ITGLWF). Main reason of the weakness of trade union movement of garment sector in Bangladesh are: 1. Disunity and division of organizations. 2. Unlimited and long working hours. 3. Absence of Job security. 4. Migration from factory to factory. 5. Absence of weekly holiday and other holidays. 6. Majority of women. 7. State policy. 8. Elite class ownership. 9. Low wage. 10. Unemployment of the country. Though there were 16 unions representing garment workers in January 2006, according to the Democratic Workers Party the level of unionization among workers was very low. Where unions were involved, they act more like extortionists, taking money from management to keep the employees in line while at the same time collecting dues from their members, with whom they had virtually no contact. Most of the unions had direct or indirect links with local and foreign NGOs, and receiving lucrative grants seems to be their main goal. [July 14th, 2006 by Libcom] Most of the trade unions appeared to be tools of one or other of the political parties, strikes being used more as vehicles for pursuing political goals against rival parties than improving 8 workers conditions. The Nation Garment Workers Federation apparently is an exception to this, being a more grass-roots organization, closer to an expression of workers selforganization emerging from their own struggles. It would be too easy and simplistic to apply critiques of modern western business unions to such an organisation. 11 years ago the NGWF was an organisation with 3 workers paid a basic garment workers wage operating out of a shed in a workers slum. Working in conditions more similar for workers in Europe a century or two ago, basic organization for defence and improvement of working conditions is a matter, sometimes, of whether one starves or not. With rapid large-scale proletarianisation of rural workers in many parts of Asia (China, India etc) struggles for unionization are likely to follow. Though organising trade unions were banned by employers in the EPZs, this has changed, as one of the concessions won by the revolt. This is anyway a convenient concession for the owners; a Bill was introduced into the US Senate which, if passed, would ban all imports produced in sweatshops. This is a form of US trade protectionism and corporate image management expressed as concern for workers conditions. The Bill would penalise Bangladesh, Jordan etc and Americas big rival China in, for example, the garment industry, by attempting to undercut their present advantage of cheaper labour costs. the Greater Los Angeles area has surpassed the New York area as the center of the North American garment industry. Home to more than 1,000 manufacturers who employ an estimated 90,000 workers, most of them immigrant, the garment and related industries account for as much as 10 percent of Los Angeles economy, according to Sweatshop Slaves. Nearly one in five local employees today work in the garment industry, making it Los Angeles leading manufacturing sector. (Review of Sweatshop Slaves: Asian Americans in the Garment Industry, Various, 2006. ) As well as the dire conditions of employment, the low level of unionism is one likely reason for the ferocity of the workers response. When it erupts, unmediated class war is generally conducted more brutally on both sides. The Bangladesh state finally realised this when it brought in union officials to mediate and negotiate an end to the rebellion. In the long term, union representation is usually granted by the bosses as a necessary safety valve mechanism and tool of management for the stability of the production process. [Libcom 2006] 9 1. 12 Labor Union in EPZ units Labor union was banned from EPZ units until 2008. For the first time in the country, 69 industrial units in Dhaka and Chittagong export processing zones (EPZ) have introduced workers’ associations on the basis of referendums by workers. At the same time, workers of 22 industrial units have voted for not having any trade union body for themselves for yet another year. The referendums on having workers’ associations were held from January to the middle of this month. There are 124 more â€Å"eligible† industrial units in these two EPZs which will have to hold their referendums by 2010 as per a decision of Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority (BEPZA) on the basis of a 2004 act on allowing trade union activities. Although referendums are supposed to be held without any external influence and spontaneously by the workers, BEPZA is putting pressure on the industry owners to hold them as soon as possible. American labour group that has been pushing hard for implementing trade union rights at the EPZs has mounted pressure on the government to have the associations as soon as possible. The factories at the EPZs on an average pay 40 percent more than the factories outside the EPZs. Yet during last year’s unrest, some of the best paying factories in the EPZs came under attack by their own workers. Owners of these factories and law enforcement agencies have said this unrest was prompted by outsiders for their petty gains. Although the referendums are supposed to be held without any external influence and spontaneously by the workers, the Bepza is putting pressure on the industry owners to hold the referendums as soon as possible. The president of Bangladesh Readymade Garments Labour Federation, said, â€Å"Lack of proper monitoring by the government, lack of sincerity of the owners and ignorance of workers of most factories are not complying with the law. †[bangladeshnews. com. bd, 23 March 2008] 1. 13 The situation during caretaker government Garments are Bangladesh’s main export, and have been a major contributor to the country’s economic growth in recent years. The industry has also been important in creating jobs for women. â€Å"International companies that source garments in Bangladesh should insist that the Bangladeshi government end harassment of labor rights activists,† said Adams. â€Å"They should make it clear that labor organizing and activism is part of the deal when operating in the 10 world economic system and that they will not accept it if activists are jailed, intimidated or harassed by the authorities. † Bangladesh has been under a state of emergency since January 11, 2007. The emergency rules have placed serious limits on civil and political rights, and have severely diluted constitutional protections of individual rights. In a letter to the government dated August 1, 2007, Human Rights Watch called for the lifting of the state of emergency. Emergency Power Rules of January 25, 2007 prohibits processions, meetings, assemblies and trade union activities. â€Å"The interim government is abusing its emergency powers to target individuals who are trying to protect workers’ rights in Bangladesh’s most important export industry,† said Brad Adams, Asia director at Human Rights Watch on the backdrop of the arrest of Mehedi Hasan of the Worker Rights Consortium (WRC) on January 24, 2008. He was arrested and detained by National Security Intelligence in Dhaka. His arrest is believed to be directly linked to the labor rights monitoring that he carried out for WRC, a nongovernmental organization that investigates labor practices at apparel factories, largely on behalf of US colleges and universities. Hasan is being held for violating Articles 3 and 4(1) of the Emergency Power Rules of January 25, 2007. In recent days, the authorities have invoked Emergency Power Rules and have filed criminal cases against dozens of trade union members, including leaders of the Bangladesh Independent Garment Workers’ Union Federation. Many other labor rights activists have complained to Human Rights Watch about being threatened and being under constant surveillance. According to police sources, a number of international organizations and their staff members are currently being monitored for allegedly engineering or inciting subversive activities within the garment industry. 1. 14 ILO Directives The International Labour Organisation rapped Bangladesh for its continuing failure to provide full trade union freedoms in the country and for permitting serious violations of ILO Conventions both in law and in practice. In particular, it deplored the obstacles to the establishment of unions in Export Processing Zones and the arrest and harassment of union leaders and activists in the garment sector. 11 And the ILO’s Committee on the Application of Standards singled out Bangladesh for special attention expressing concern over the escalation of industrial violence stressing that freedom of association could only be exercised in a climate that was free from violence, pressure or threats of any kind against trade union leaders and members. The Committee demanded that the Bangladesh Government take measures for the amendment of the Labour Act and the EPZ Workers Associations and Industrial Relations Act so as to bring them into full conformity with the provisions of ILO Convention 87 which Bangladesh has ratified and is duty-bound to observe. The ILO called upon the Bangladesh Government to ensure that all workers were fully guaranteed the protection of the Convention and demanded that the nece

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This document is intended for the use of BHTI employees, and BHTI independent representatives (international dealers), and for prospective customers as an aid in determining estimated weight and performance of the helicopter when configured with equipment for specific missions. Disclosure, reproduction, or use of any material in this document by persons other than BHTI employees, and BHTI independent representatives, and prospective customers are forbidden without written permission from Bell Helicopter Textron Inc. The listings of Optional Equipment (â€Å"Kits†) are subject to revision and change, and also may be different for specific serial number helicopters or special custom configurations. Please consult the â€Å"Notes† column found in the optional equipment list tables for equipment compatibility. The continuing product improvement process of BHTI may cause some components, equipment, and compatibility to be changed or replaced. The specifications, weights, dimensions, and performance data shown in this document are subject to change without notice. 2012 Bell Helicopter Textron Inc. Bell, 206, 407, 407GX, 429, 412, Huey II, LongRanger and JetRanger are registered trademarks of Textron Innovations Inc. All rights reserved Specifications subject to change without notice. Bell 412EP Product Specification May 2012 412EP Product Spec 2012-02. indd 1 1  © 2012 Bell Helicopter Textron Inc. 6/5/2012 8:37:05 PM Page Intentionally Left Blank  © 2012 Bell Helicopter Textron Inc. 412EP Product Spec 2012-02. indd 2 2 Bell 412EP Production Specification May 2012 6/5/2012 8:37:05 PM Bell 412EP RELIABLE, RUGGED AND READY The Bell 412EP is the workhorse of the helicopter industry with a reputation of getting up and going to work every day in even the most extreme environments. †¢ Proven Pratt Whitney PT6T-3D Twin Pac engines with more than 25 million flight hours in more than 2,000 aircraft worldwide †¢ High retirement and overhaul intervals 5,000 hour drive system TBO 4,000 hour engine overhaul interval On-condition composite main rotor blades †¢ 25,000 hours between premature engine removals †¢ Excellent Category A / JAR OPS 3 capability †¢ Rugged fuselage with rollover bulkhead protection and rupture resistant fuel cells The data set forth in this document are general in nature and may vary with conditions. For performance data and operating limitations for any specific flight mission, reference must be made to the approved Flight Manual Bell 412EP Product Specification May 2012 412EP Product Spec 2012-02. indd 3 3  © 2012 Bell Helicopter Textron Inc. 6/5/2012 8:37:05 PM Specification Summary (U. S. Units) Weight lb Weight lb Empty Weight (IFR Std. Config. ) 1 6,964 Maximum Gross Weight (Internal) 11,900 Useful Load (Internal, IFR Std. Config. ) 4,936 Maximum Gross Weight (External) 11,900 Maximum External Load 4,500 Performance Summary: Takeoff, Gross Weight lb IGE Hovering Ceiling 9,500 10,500 11,900 ISA OGE Hovering Ceiling ft 17,400 14,300 10,200 ISA + 20  °C ft 14,400 10,900 6,200 ISA 10,400 5,200 10,300 6,050 (11,890 lb @ SL) ISA ft 14,000 11,270 7,270 ft 12,120 9,000 4,990 ISA Service Ceiling (AEO) 13,800 ft ISA + 20  °C FAA Take Off and Landing Limit, WAT 2 ft ISA + 20  °C ft 19,840 18,760 16,290 (continuous OEI) ISA ft 11,450 8,850 5,400 (30 minute OEI) 3 ISA ft 12,850 10,500 7,600 4,000 ft, ISA kts 132 130 125 n mi 366 364 358 kts 126 125 122 n mi 414 410 401 kts 131 130 125 Maximum Continuous Cruise (true airspeed) Cruise at Long Range Cruise (LRC) Speed Range 4 LRC Speed (average true airspeed) Range SL, ISA 4 LRC Speed (average true airspeed) Catagory A Takeoff and Landing Ceiling 4,000 ft, ISA ft 6,000 3,400 (11,580 lb @ SL) ft 3,750 1,200 (10,800 lb @ SL) SL, ISA hr 4. 0 3. 9 3. 6 4,000 ft, ISA Endurance at Loiter Speed 4 ISA ISA + 20  °C Elevated Helipad hr 4. 3 4. 2 3. 9 Uninstalled Thermodynamic Power Engine Ratings: (100% RPM) Engine Rated Power 2 x 950 2 x 900 Standard: Pratt Whitney PT6T-3D Twin Pac Takeoff (5 minutes) SHP Max Continuous Power SHP 2 x 950 2 x 800 OEI (2-1/2 minutes) SHP 1 x 1,140 1 x 1,133 OEI (continuous) SHP 1 x 970 1 x 1,024 OEI (30 minutes) SHP 1 x 1,066 1 x 1,079 OEI (continuous) SHP 1 x 950 N/A Optional: Pratt Whitney PT6T-3DF Twin Pac Transmission Ratings (100% RPM, at mast) Takeoff (5-minute) 1,370 SHP Max Continuous Power 1,110 SHP Single Engine Limited by Power Available Fuel (usable) Type Aviation Turbine Capacity 330. 5 US Gallons Note 1 IFR Standard Configuration includes all items listed in the Standard Configuration table of this document as well as twenty-five pounds (eleven kilograms) of engine oil. Ballast is not included in the standard configuration (ballast is a function of installed equipment). Note 2 With BLR FastFin ® System. Does not apply for Catagory B, 9-passenger seat configuration. The data set forth in this document are general in nature and may vary with conditions. For performance data and operating limitations for any specific flight mission, reference must be made to the approved Flight Manual  © 2012 Bell Helicopter Textron Inc. 412EP Product Spec 2012-02. indd 4 4 Bell 412EP Production Specification May 2012 6/5/2012 8:37:06 PM Specification Summary (Metric Units) Weight kg Weight kg Empty Weight (IFR Std. Config. ) 1 3,159 Maximum Gross Weight (Internal) 5,398 Useful Load (Internal, IFR Std. Config. ) 2,239 Maximum Gross Weight (External) 5,398 Maximum External Load 2,041 Performance Summary: Takeoff, Gross Weight kg IGE Hovering Ceiling ISA 4,309 4,763 5,398 m 5,304 4,359 3,109 ISA + 20  °C m 4,389 3,322 1,890 ISA OGE Hovering Ceiling m 4,206 3,170 1,585 ISA + 20  °C m 3,139 1,844 (5,393 kg @ SL) ISA m 4,267 3,435 2,216 ISA + 20  °C FAA Take Off and Landing Limit, WAT 2 m 3,694 2,743 1,521 Service Ceiling (AEO) ISA m 6,047 5,718 4,919 (continuous OEI) ISA m 3,490 2,697 1,646 ISA m 3,917 3,200 2,316 1,219 m, ISA km/h 244 241 232 km 678 674 663 (30 minute OEI) 3 Maximum Continuous Cruise (true airspeed) Cruise at Long Range Cruise (LRC) Speed Range 4 LRC Speed (average true airspeed) Range 4 LRC Speed (average true airspeed) SL, ISA 1,219 m, ISA km/h 233 232 226 km 767 757 743 243 241 232 m 1,829 1,036 (5,253 kg @ SL) m 1,143 366 (4,899 kg @ SL) SL, ISA hr 4. 0 3. 9 3. 6 1,219 m, ISA Elevated Helipad Endurance at Loiter Speed 4 km/h ISA + 20  °C Catagory A Takeoff and Landing Ceiling hr 4. 3 4. 2 3. 9 ISA Uninstalled Thermodynamic Power Engine Ratings: (100% RPM) Engine Rated Power Standard: Pratt Whitney PT6T-3D Twin Pac Takeoff (5 minutes) kW 2 x 708 2 x 671 Max Continuous Power kW 2 x 708 2 x 597 OEI (2-1/2 minutes) kW 1 x 850 1 x 845 OEI (continuous) kW 1 x 723 1 x 764 OEI (30 minutes) kW 1 x 795 1 x 805 OEI (continuous) kW 1 x 708 N/A Optional: Pratt Whitney PT6T-3DF Twin Pac Transmission Ratings (100% RPM, at mast) Takeoff (5-minute) 1,022 kW Max Continuous Power 828 kW Single Engine Limited by Power Available Fuel (usable) Type Aviation Turbine Capacity 1,251 liters Note 3 Increased capability available with optional Pratt Whitney PT6T-3DF (30 minute OEI Power Kit). Note 4 Standard fuel, no reserve. The data set forth in this document are general in nature and may vary with conditions. For performance data and operating limitations for any specific flight mission, reference must be made to the approved Flight Manual Bell 412EP Product Specification May 2012 412EP Product Spec 2012-02. indd 5 5  © 2012 Bell Helicopter Textron Inc. 6/5/2012 8:37:06 PM BLR Strake and FastFin ® Bell Helicopter has partnered with BLR Aerospace to provide its performance, safety and efficiency-enhancing FastFin ® system as a standard feature on new Bell 412EP aircraft orders. The system incorporates two parallel stall strips along the tail boom and a reshaped vertical fin. These modifications combine to optimize airflow around the tail boom, improving the handling, stability and lifting capacity of the Bell 412EP in all environments, especially high and hot conditions. The FastFin ® system is a combination of two separate modifications, one to the vertical fin and the other to the tailboom. For clarity, the term FastFin ® refers to the BLR modification that changes the shape and contour of the vertical fin. The term FastFin ® System refers to the combined FastFin ® and Dual Tail Boom Strake installation. The performance benefits of this system include increased tail rotor effectiveness and higher crosswind speed tolerance at hover in certain conditions. In conditions where the aircraft is currently tail rotor limited the FastFin ® System results in increased Weight-Altitude-Temperature (WAT) capability for takeoff, landing and in-ground-effect maneuvers, providing substantial improvement in useful load for hot/high operation (See performance chart below). 14,000 Be ll 41 M 2EP ax G wit Be ro h ss Fa ll 41 W stF 2E ei in gh TM P M tL S ax im ys G it tem ro ss W ei gh tL im it 12,000 Density Altitude (feet) 10000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 8,000 9,000 10,000 Gross Weight (lb) 11,000 12,000 Bell 412EP WAT Improvement with FastFin ® System The data set forth in this document are general in nature and may vary with conditions. For performance data and operating limitations for any specific flight mission, reference must be made to the approved Flight Manual  © 2012 Bell Helicopter Textron Inc. 412EP Product Spec 2012-02. indd 6 6 Bell 412EP Production Specification May 2012 6/5/2012 8:37:06 PM Page Intentionally Left Blank Bell 412EP Product Specification May 2012 412EP Product Spec 2012-02. indd 7 7  © 2012 Bell Helicopter Textron Inc. 6/5/2012 8:37:06 PM External Dimensions LOW SKID GEAR Bell 412EP Low Skid Gear OPTIONAL HIGH SKID GEAR WITH AAI FLITESTEP ® Bell 412EP High Skid Gear Specifications subject to change without notice.  © 2012 Bell Helicopter Textron Inc. 412EP Product Spec 2012-02. indd 8 8 Bell 412EP Production Specification May 2012 6/5/2012 8:37:08 PM OPTIONAL EMERGENCY FLOAT GEAR WITH AAI FLOATSTEPâ„ ¢ Bell 412EP Float Kit OPTIONAL BLADE FOLDING KIT DIMENSIONS Minimum Hanger Size* Rotor Not Folded 33. 0 ft x 49. 6 ft (10. 1 m x 15. 2 m) Minimum Hanger Size* Rotor Folded 9. 5 ft x 55. 8 ft (2. 9 m x 17. 1 m) *Allowance should be made for high skid gear, ground wheels, emply fuel condition and door lip when considering hangar door width and height Specifications subject to change without notice. Bell 412EP Product Specification May 2012 412EP Product Spec 2012-02. indd 9 9  © 2012 Bell Helicopter Textron Inc. 6/5/2012 8:37:10 PM Bell 412EP Seating and Interior Trim Choices Crew Seats Two individual energy attenuating seats, fore/aft and up/down adjustable, each equipped with seat belt, double strap shoulder harness and inertia reel. Available with Grey, Blue, Red, or Tan upholstery which will match that selected for the cabin. Passenger Seats 13 seats offered in three options. (NOTE: Seating option 1 meets the criteria required by FAA regulations for installation in U. S. registered helicopters. Seating Options 2 3 require the addition of the STC Alpine 412 Passenger Shoulder Harness Kit for installation in U. S. registered helicopters. ) 1) Standard Seating Fabric covered high-backed folding seats with individual seat belts and single strap shoulder harness and inertia reel, arranged with one row of four (two 2-place benches) forward facing seats, and one row of five forward facing seats, and two outward facing two place benches (one on either side of the transmission). Available with Grey, Blue, Red, or Tan upholstery with Black seat belts. Seats are are also available in all vinyl at additional cost. (210. lb [95. 7 kg] included in the standard configuration weight. ) STANDARD SEATING (Shown with standard interior trim and floor covering) SEATING OPTIONS 2 AND 3 NOT ILLUSTRATED 2) Utility Seating Available for U. S. registered helicopters ONLY with addition of STC Alpine 412 Passenger Shoulder Harness Kit. Nylon covered bench type seating arranged with one row of four rearward facing seats (behind the crew seats), one row of five forward facing seats (in front of the transmission), and two outward facing two place benches (one on either side of the transmission). Each seat has an individual seat belt. Available in Tan or Black. The Utility Seating decreases the standard configuration weight (-93. 3 lb [-42. 3 kg], with Alpine Shoulder Harness -59. 5 lb [-27. 0 kg]). 3) Cushioned Utility Seating Available for U. S. registered helicopters ONLY with addition of STC Alpine 412 Passenger Shoulder Harness Kit. As in 2) above with the addition of fabric covered cushions, available in the same colors as the Standard Seating. The Cushioned Utility Seating decreases the standard configuration weight (-81. 1 lb [-36. 8 kg], with Alpine Shoulder Harness -47. 3 lb [-21. 5 kg]). Specifications subject to change without notice.  © 2012 Bell Helicopter Textron Inc. 12EP Product Spec 2012-02. indd 10 10 Bell 412EP Production Specification May 2012 6/5/2012 8:37:10 PM INTERIOR TRIM CHOICES 1) Standard Interior Trim The Standard Interior Trim is provided as a NO COST OPTION, but is not included in the Standard Configuration Empty Weight. Included are: Plastic closeouts on upper sidewalls, window reveals, and cabin headlin er; Padded vinyl covering the floor and lower door panels; Lower aft bulkhead covered with padded vinyl blankets. The hard plastic headliner and closeouts are off-white in color, and the padded bulkhead blankets and floor covering are color coordinated to match the seat color selection. The Standard Interior Trim increases the standard configuration empty weight (165. 7 lb [75. 2 kg]). 2) Utility Interior Trim The Utility Interior Trim consists of: Light beige vinyl covered headliner and bulkhead blankets; Doors painted light beige; Floor painted brown. The Utility Interior Trim is included in the standard configuration empty weight (33. 3 lb [15. 1 kg]). CUSTOMIZED SEATING [Example] Customized Seating Custom designed interiors are available from aircraft completion centers to meet the needs of Corporate or Emergency Medical Service customers. Specifications subject to change without notice. Bell 412EP Product Specification May 2012 412EP Product Spec 2012-02. indd 11 11  © 2012 Bell Helicopter Textron Inc. 6/5/2012 8:37:10 PM Standard Configuration (Items Included In List Price) AIRFRAME TRANSMISSION/ DRIVE SYSTEM Aluminum alloy fuselage (over 240 ft3 [6. 8M3]) loading space Glass windshields Main rotor transmission with 4 chip detectors/2 debris collectors Tinted overhead windows Vibration isolation / suspension mounts (4) Dual windshield wipers Main Lift link (single point suspension) Fresh air ventilators with adjustable outlets (8 cockpit and 12 aft cabin) 42? gearbox (sight gage and magnetic drain plug/chip detector) Bleed air heater and defroster with air noise suppression 90? gearbox (sight gage and magnetic drain plug/chip detector) Cargo tie-down fittings (51 aft cabin floor) Hydraulic pumps for controls (2 independent systems) Map and data case Transmission oil cooler Cabin fire extinguisher (2) Swingout jettisonable doors (2 for forward cabin) POWER PLANT Sliding doors (2 for aft cabin access with 2 emergency exit panels on each door) Automatic governors (2) Pratt Whitney of Canada PT6T-3D â€Å"Twin Pac† (1800 SHP) Swingout panels for extended access to aft cabin (2) Magnetic chip detectors Fixed step on skids for entry to forward cabin (2) Torque limiter Fuel System (330. 5 US Gal [1251 liter] usable, rupture resistant cells and breakaway vent fitting) Retractable steps for aft cabin access (2) Baggage compartment in tail boom (over 28 ft [0. 8M ], 400 lb [181kg] capacity). 3 3 Pumps on engines and submerged in fuel tanks Skid-type landing gear with replaceable wear shoes Fuel filter assembly Mooring and jacking fittings (4) Oil coolers (2) External attachment fittings (16) Fire detection system (2) Semi-monocoque tailboom Fire extinguisher system (2) BLR Strake and FastFin RPM warning system  ® Elevator (airspeed / spring-cartridge controlled) Hinged cowling Tail skid Starter-generators (2) Cargo hook provisions Power turbine RPM control actuators AUDIO Combining gearbox with chip detector Two station aft intercom system w/crew interface Separate firewall protection for each engine ROTORS CONTROLS Overriding clutches (2) Soft-in-plane flex beam hub with four fiberglass blades Extended Engine Exhaust Deflectors Main rotor droop restraint COMMUNICATIONS NAVIGATION Pendulum vibration absorbers 720 Channel VHF rec/trans transceiver (KTR-908) Semi-rigid, two bladed all-metal tail rotor VHF antenna All controls hydraulically boosted (dual systems for main rotor) 2 Headsets (pilot copilot) Force trim system and artificial feel (electrically set) 2 Intercomunication Panels (ICS) (pilot copilot) Dual controls Emergency Transmit Switch Cyclic stick centering Horizontal Situation Indicator RPM governor selector control Attitude Director Indicator Manual engine torque matching and trim Attitude and Heading Reference Systems (2) Dual Digital Three axis AFCS (2 flight control computers) Cockpit voice recorder provisions Rotor brake Specifications subject to change without notice.  © 2012 Bell Helicopter Textron Inc. 412EP Product Spec 2012-02. indd 12 12 Bell 412EP Production Specification May 2012 6/5/2012 8:37:10 PM Standard Configuration (continued) FLIGHT ENGINE INSTRUMENTS FLIGHT ENGINE INSTRUMENTS (continued) Flight Director Nav Coupler (3-axis) Master warning lights on the instrument panel draw attention to: Free air temperature indicator RPM Pitot static system with electric pitot heat Eng 2 Out Eng 2 Fire Eng 1 Out AL-300 Data Display Eng 1 Fire Baggage Fire Cyclic Radar altimeter #1 Over torque centering Altimeter (barometric) (mast) IFR EQUIPMENT Clock, digital quartz chronometer Co-pilot clock Hourmeter Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) (KDM-706) Magnetic compass, pilot’s standby IFR FAA kit Airspeed indicator Automatic Direction Finder (ADF) (XDF-806) Rate of climb indicator Nav receiver #1 VOR/LOC with HB/HSI (KNR-634) Turn and slip indicator Nav receiver #2 VOR/LOC with HSI (KNR-634) Triple tachometer (rotor and engines) VHF-AM Comm #2 radio (KTR-908) Dual hydraulic press/temp indicator (2) Transponder (MST67) Gas producer tach indicator (2) Co-pilot instruments (FAA) Triple torque indicator (Eng 1, Eng 2, mast) Standby attitude indicator Engine oil-temp/press indicator (2) ELECTRICAL Turbine inlet temperature indicator (2) Generator (2) (30 volt, 200 ampere DC startergenerator derated to 150 amperes) Fuel pressure indicator Transmission oil-temp/press indicator Inverters (2), (450 volt ampere single phase, solid state) Dual DC and AC voltmeters Nickel cadmium battery (40 ampere hours) Dual DC loadmeter Battery over-temp warning Fire detection warning (3) Generator voltage regulators Combining gearbox oil-temp/press indicator Instrument (integral) lights (white) Flight data recorder provisions Navigation lights Caution Warning System Master caution light on panel draws attention to the pedestal mounted annunciator panel when worded segments illuminate: Landing light-retractable Anticollision light (2) Engine oil press (2) DC generator (2) Tritium lighted emergency exit signs Trans oil press Gen overheat (2) Cockpit lights (2) Trans oil temp AC inverter (2) Dome lights (3) Comb box oil press External power External power receptacle Comb box oil temp Battery switch Twin ignition and starting systems Chip detectors (5) Battery temp Seat belt sign Fuel boost (2) Hydraulic Passenger step lights Fuel filter (2) Door locks Baggage compartment light fire sensor Fuel valve (2) Heater Utility cabin lights (removable) Fuel low (2) Part sep off (2) Fuel X feed Rotor brake (2) PAINT Emerg gov manual (2) Caution panel Markings for high visibility M/R blades (white orange) Specifications subject to change without notice. Bell 412EP Product Specification May 2012 412EP Product Spec 2012-02. indd 13 13  © 2012 Bell Helicopter Textron Inc. 6/5/2012 8:37:10 PM Standard Configuration (continued) MISCELLANEOUS Covers, tail pipe, turbine air inlet, and pitot tube Flight bag Ground handling wheels, hydraulically activated Manuals: Aircraft log, Engine log, Engine operations, Flight, Maintenance Overhaul Manual, Illustrated Parts Catalog Tie-down assemblies, main rotor tail rotor INTERIOR TRIM Choice of Standard or Utility Interior Trim. Standard; Rigid three-piece headliner in cabin, padded iberglass floor covering, bulkheads, trimmed with cream-colored plastic and color-coordinated vinyl coated fiberglass, cabin doors trimmed with plastic, special soundproofing, seat upholstered with foam and fabric. Selection of fabric colors. Not included in Standard Configuration Weight, increases empty weight 165. 6 pounds (75. 1 kilograms) when installed. Utility; Be ige soundproofing blankets on bulkheads and overhead; doors painted beige, floor painted brown. Included in Standard Configuration Weight (approximately 32. 6 pounds, 914. 8 kilograms). Specifications subject to change without notice. 2012 Bell Helicopter Textron Inc. 412EP Product Spec 2012-02. indd 14 14 Bell 412EP Production Specification May 2012 6/5/2012 8:37:10 PM Page Intentionally Left Blank Bell 412EP Product Specification May 2012 412EP Product Spec 2012-02. indd 15 15  © 2012 Bell Helicopter Textron Inc. 6/5/2012 8:37:10 PM Optional Accessories [Kits listed below are compatible with the FAA IFR 3-axis / non-EFIS configuration except as individually noted] Additional kits and STC items may be available for factory installation. Please consult sales or contract personnel regarding special needs prior to selection of final configuration. Wt (lb) Wt (kg) Notes 11. 7 5. 3 1, 2 FIXED STEP RIGHT HAND 11. 6 5. 3 1, 2 HEAVY DUTY HIGH SKID GEAR w/o STEPS 18. 5 8. 4 1, 3 HEAVY DUTY HIGH CROSS TUBES FOR EMER. FLOATS 3. 8 1. 7 EMERGENCY FLOATS (provisions) 51. 0 23. 2 EMERGENCY FLOATS /RESERVOIR NOSE 97. 5 44. 2 4 EMERGENCY FLOATS (L. G. w/ FLOATS PWR STEPS) 168. 8 76. 6 1, 4 HEATED WINDSHIELD 9. 8 4. 4 1 EXPANDABLE BOLTS MAIN ROTOR 3. 0 1. 4 FUEL KIT MANIFOLD DRAIN 0. 3 0. 1 Kit Description AIRFRAME FIXED STEP LEFT HAND 9 CELL FUEL SYS 4 -16. 1 -7. 3 SEAT BELT SIGN STD INTR 0. 3 0. 1 SEAT BELT SIGN DLX INTR 0. 3 0. 1 AUX FUEL PROVS 5. 4 . 5 5 AUX FUEL, 16. 3 GAL LH 20. 2 9. 1 5 AUX FUEL, 16. 3 GAL RH 20. 2 9. 1 5 AUX FUEL, 81. 7 GAL LH (REQUIRES REMOVAL OF 2 OUTBOARD-FACING PAX SEATS) 50. 3 22. 8 5 AUX FUEL, 81. 7 GAL RH (REQUIRES REMOVAL OF 2 OUTBOARD-FACING PAX SEATS) 50. 3 22. 8 5 5 INDICATOR, FUEL QTY, AUX FUEL -0. 1 0. 0 TOLERANT FUEL 98. 5 44. 7 EFIS (ELECTRONIC FLIGHT INSTRUMENT SYSTEM) 113. 4 51. 4 1, 6 4-AXIS D DAFCS W/ DUAL FLIGHT DIRECTOR 26. 4 12. 0 7 PRIMUS 700 WEATHER RADAR 49. 1 22. 3 7 PRIMUS 700 WEATHER RADAR W/ EFIS 54. 6 24. 8 7 ENCODING ALTIMETER 0. 1 0. 0 1, 7 RADAR ALTIMETER #2 12. 2 5. 6 7 CABIN PA SYSTEM (NON-EFIS)

Insight from Smallsample Analytical Study - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Insight from Small?sample Analytical Study. Answer: The certain decrease in an assets net carrying amount leads to development of upcoming unrevealed cash flows. The net carrying value might be gathered through reducing depreciation from the asset acquisition expenses. Impairment takes place while a company abandons or sells its asset because of drop in its capability to attain advantages (Abdo 2016). For this reason, it is not required to consider impairment loss as loss within a companys profit and loss account. In computing the impairment loss, certain influential dynamics leading to impairment of asset must be recognized. This influential dynamic encompass changes in market situations, employee turnover, new regulations or obsolescence associated with asset. Relied on the same, an assets fair market price must be estimated and this can be considered as value that can be attained once it is sold within the market (Carvalho, Rodrigues and Ferreira 2016). This asset is to be realized as recoverable value or as estimated generation of future cash flows in case the operation is carried out. The fair market price must be compared with carrying value of assets mentioned within the financial reports of the company after allocating the same. In case the fair market value remains below the assets holding cost, this signifies the asset impairment. In case of the impairment, results attained with support of the impairment might be efficient from the perspective of the company (Che Azmi and English 2016). This is the cause for which the need for investment increases. For measuring the impairment loss, certain requirements are needed to be followed. Definite recoverable amount must be decreased in case it is less in comparison to the carrying value. Secondly, impairment loss is attained loss that is experienced through attaining variation between the decrease in final carrying value associated with recoverable value (DArcy and Tarca 2016). Finally the income loss realization is carried out in the income statement till the revaluation reduction treatment is prescribed within a di fferent accounting standard. This might take place, in case there is an upward asset revaluation as per IAS 16- Property, Plant andEquipment in the previous years. This is in consideration to allocating the revaluation, right impairment and revaluation surplus (Detzen, Stork genannt Wersborg and Zlch 2016). In consideration to Paragraphs 59-64 of AASB 136, it is likely to recognise the needs for measuring impairment loss for different assets. Paragraphs 59-64 of AASB 136 indicates that the carrying amount must be decreased to the recoverable amount, in case the recoverable amount remains less in comparison to the carrying value. Such reduction is considered as impairment loss. As per Paragraph 60 of AASB 136, impairment loss recognition might be within loss or profit till the assets carrying value is conducted at re-valued amount. This is in account to other standard like the revaluation model, as mentioned within AASB 116 (Saastamoinen et al.2016). Certain impairment loss is associated with re-valued amount with regard to re-valued asset that might be deemed as revaluation derease in accordance to other standard. Paragraph 61 of AASB 136 indicates that impairment loss linked with assets that not re-valued are realised within the income statement. Conversely, certain impairment loss recognition is conducted to an extent that such loss does not go beyond the revaluation surplus amount for an identical asset. For this reason, the revaluation surplus is decreased because of the impairment loss on re-valued asset. As per Paragraph 61(1) of AASB 136, re-valued asset based impairment loss is recognised within the income statement for the non-profit organizations. Conversely, impairment loss recognition is conducted within the income statement for the non-profit organizations (Tan et al.2016). Conversely, the impairment loss recognition is conducted at an extent that such loss does go beyond the revaluation surplus amount for the asset classes. Moreover such revaluation surplus is decreased because of impairment loss on the asset class. Paragraph 62 of AASB 136 indicates that an anticipated amount of impairment loss is increased in comparison to the carrying amount of asset to which it depends. In such situation a liability might be realised in case other standard deals with the same. As per the Paragraph 63 of AASB 136, certain adjustments are conducted in account to depreciation or amortization expense for an asset for assigning the revised carrying amount. This is subtracted from the residual amount in case realization of impairment loss. This is to be carried out in realization to amortized or depreciation expense for an asset in assigning the revised carrying amount. This is subtracted from residual amount in case impairment loss is realised (Tan et al. 2016). This is to be carried out in a systematic manner over the rest useful life. Lastly, in accordance with Paragraph 64 of AASB 136, realization of impairment loss making sure that the deferred tax assets or liabilities is needed in adherence to AASB 112. Thi s is through contrasting the tax assets or liabilities and accordingly the revised carrying amount is needed to get complied with AASB 112. This might be attained by contrasting revised carrying amount of asset along with tax base. For instance, XYZ has a machine that $160,000 carrying amount at the beginning of the financial year. The asset was previously re-valued along with revaluation surplus account having balance of $10,000. During the year, one employee caused damage to the machine due to which impairment asset is conducted. The anticipated recoverable machine value is $120,000 and the total incurred depreciation amount for such asset is $16,000(Tan et al. 2016). $10,000 might be deemed as offset in comparison to the surplus revaluation of the asset. Moreover, it is reported as negative figure within the comprehensive income statement for the year, rather than the impairment loss. The leftover amount of $30,000 can be written off to be expenditure over the year other than the impairment loss. Moreover, such leftover amount might be written off as expenditure within the year along with an asset carrying value that can get aligned with the recoverable value that is $120,000 (Linnenluecke et al.2015). In the upcoming year, certain depreciation expense might rely on carrying value of new asset that is $120,000 subtracted from anticipated residual amount. For this reason, the depreciation cost associated with impaired asset might be adjusted in the upcoming years. References: Abdo, H., 2016. Accounting for Extractive Industries: Has IFRS 6 Harmonised Accounting Practices by Extractive Industries?.Australian Accounting Review,26(4), pp.346-359. Carvalho, C., Rodrigues, A.M. and Ferreira, C., 2016. Goodwill and Mandatory Disclosure Compliance: A Critical Review of the Literature.Australian Accounting Review,26(4), pp.376-389. Castellano, N.G., Corsi, K. and Del Gobbo, R., 2015. Goodwill Disclosure in Europe. Profiles of disclosing companies.Eastern European Business and Economics Journal,1(2), pp.32-65. Che Azmi, A. and English, L.M., 2016. IFRS Disclosure Compliance in Malaysia: Insights from a Small?sample Analytical Study.Australian Accounting Review. DArcy, A. and Tarca, A., 2016.Reviewing goodwill accounting research: What do we really know about IFRS 3 and IAS 36 implementation effects. Working paper. Detzen, D., Stork genannt Wersborg, T. and Zlch, H., 2016. Impairment of Goodwill and Deferred Taxes Under IFRS.Australian Accounting Review,26(3), pp.301-311. Linnenluecke, M.K., Birt, J., Lyon, J. and Sidhu, B.K., 2015. Planetary boundaries: implications for asset impairment.Accounting Finance,55(4), pp.911-929. Saastamoinen, J., Ojala, H., Pajunen, K. and Troberg, P., 2016. Analyst Characteristics and the Level of Critical Perception of Goodwill Accounting.Australian Accounting Review. Tan, A., Chatterjee, B., Wise, V. and Hossain, M., 2016. An investigation into the potential adoption of international financial reporting standards in the United States: Implications and implementation.Australian Accounting Review,26(1), pp.45-65.

Journey- Patricia Grace, the People Before- Maurice Shadbolt (Lack of Clear Outcome free essay sample

Analyse how the lack of a clear outcome in at least TWO short stories you have studied makes the stories successful for you: Journey by Patricia Grace and The People Before by Maurice Shadbolt both look at land confiscation and compensation cases that occurred during the early colonization of New Zealand and their modern relevance today. Although both these authors approach this similar topic differently, both stories lack a clear outcome. This is particularly effective for us as readers because it causes us to revaluate our preconceptions and prejudices regarding this issue and draw our own conclusions. We quickly discover the difficulty of reaching a truly successful outcome, and can therefore see the relevance that these types of cases have in our society today. The People Before by Maurice Shadbolt presents this issue intergenerationally, where the land was confiscated historically. This story is from the viewpoint of a white boy whose father owns the land â€Å"through sweat and legal title† and who has spent much of this time â€Å"winning order from wilderness† in order to convert the land into a workable dairy farm. We will write a custom essay sample on Journey- Patricia Grace, the People Before- Maurice Shadbolt (Lack of Clear Outcome or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The father is presented to us as a hardworking man who served â€Å"in the war† and who toiled for many years to try build a sustainable life for his family. By presenting us with this strong image of the stereotypical farmer, almost seen as the backbone of this country, Shadbolt influences us as readers to feel a great deal of respect and loyalty towards him. However this attitude is soon challenged by Shadbolt when we learn, towards the end of the story, that the land used to belong to a Maori tribe, who lived there for â€Å"hundreds of years† and were forced to move away from the area without compensation after it was â€Å"confiscated from the after the Maori wars† and â€Å"the European took the land†. Here Shadbolt cleverly presents to us as readers a situation where there are two sides that are both equally valid, but utterly different. Because the land was confiscated by a previous generation, Maurice Shadbolt shows we as readers how it is now no longer possible to return the land without creating a new injustice, particularly towards the father who sees the land as â€Å"his green kingdom;† however Shadbolt also causes us to sense deeply the injustices brought against the Maori party who â€Å"fought many bloody battles† historically to keep the land, only to be forced to leave behind all that was dear to them. Because, in the beginning, Shadbolt presents the father as a likeable and respected character, he lays down a foundation of conflict, because our loyalties to the two sides become so divided that we wish both parties could simply live on the land, yet we know this is not possible. We, the reader, are left with a sense of loss at the lack of conclusion drawn by the author, with the tribe returning to their new homes and the father feeling that â€Å"the land itself had heaped some final indignity upon him† which eventually leads him to sell the farm. Because neither party here comes out better off as a result of the confrontation, we are left to puzzle over the ways we would have resolved this issue, therefore because a Shadbolt did not simply present us with a resolution, he effectively showed us the complication of these types of scenario’s which make them very relevant today. Whilst The People Before approaches this issue from a white boy’s perspective two generations after the confiscations occurred, Journey, by Patricia Grace approaches this issue completely differently. The story set in present tense and is centred from within the mind of an old Maori man who is told by the government that he is unable to subdivide his land amongst his living nieces and nephews for their housing as it has already singled out the land â€Å"a development area†. He goes to the Wellington office to explain the issue to these representatives and feels that the Mana associated with his age in the Maori culture will ensure that he has respect amongst the Pakeha people, enabling him to explain his case better than the rest of his family who have already tried to resolve the issue. However again the Pakeha are unable to see his values in land or his ideas and continue to demand that â€Å"there’ll be no more subdivision† and that the family will receive â€Å"compensation† for their losses. It is at this point that Grace makes the situation at hand more complex for readers because she, like Shadbolt, presents us with two equally valid by utterly different sides. Patricia Grace causes conflict in the office because the European of the time, represented by the developer, see land as something of monetary value and security, making them unable to comprehend the old Maori man’s concept that the land is â€Å"your stamping ground† and that when all your ties are to that place, â€Å"there is no equal land†. However the old man, who has been brought up to believe that land was something that had deep historical and spiritual connections, cannot understand the young developer’s idea of exchanging his land for â€Å"equivalent land or monetary compensation†. In this story, Grace show us as readers how these contradicting values result in anger and frustration from both parties. Whilst in the story Grace makes it easy to empathize with the old man’s spiritual need for his family to live on what’s been theirs since â€Å"before we were born†, because she presents us with a strong, proud but gentle man, she also makes us remember that the developer at the time was not particularly in the wrong either, and that his actions were simply reflecting his culture’s belief that all land is the same and could easily be fairly exchanged, which is just as correct and valid as the old Maori man’s ideas. Therefore, like in The People Before we are unable to easily assign our loyalties. This, combined with the far from a successful outcome in the story, with the old man going away distraught and the developer building an even greater dislike of the Maori man, makes the story have a lasting effect on we readers because, through this complex scenario, Grace shows us the difficulty of finding either a right party or even a correct solution, because she shows readers that the success of the outcome will always differ when values differ. Again, like in The People Before, we are left to try and reach our own conclusions, which make us see how relevant these issues are in today’s society. When we bring together the messages that both these unresolved stories show us, many lessons regarding land confiscation and compensation issues and how they are relevant to all New Zealander’s are made clear to us. Through The People Before and Journey we can see how hard it is to find just solutions in many of these land cases, and how this situation is rarely ever black and white, as many people make it out to be. Most importantly, these two stories effectively show us that many of New Zealand’s issues today are the result of different values, which complicate issues because they are both equally legitimate. Treaty of Waitangi claims are still being processed today, many as a result of events shown in the stories. Too often we as a society dismiss these issues as irrelevant in today’s society, however by both Shadbolt and Grace leaving a lack of a clear outcome, we are shown that to the people involved, particularly the victims, there never was a resolution, and until there is, these issues will remain relevant. The same emotions that we felt at the lack of closure to these stories, the victims have had to live with for the past 20 or more years, yet we tend to dismiss these emotions, almost assuming that they will fade with time. By creating such unclear and unsatisfactory endings we as readers may have felt anger, frustration, sadnesses, and confusion, so it is incredibly strange that we as a society think that people who were actually victims of this type of destructive colonization would feel any differently. We tend to forget that human emotion is the only thing that has remained constant throughout our history, meaning that these feelings are highly unlikely to have changed, making all of these issues very relevant to every New Zealander. By presenting this issue through two view points and time settings, and by ensuring the end left us with a lack of clear outcome, these both Grace and Shadbolt effectively conveyed both the importance and significance of land confiscation and compensation cases today, because we experience the frustrations that the victims of these acts felt. It also forces us try draw our own resolutions to the problem, however as both author’s divided our loyalties and presented us with sides that were both equally valid but utterly different, we come to see how difficult this is. Both these stories therefore emphasize the strength and status that these issues need to have in our modern society if we are to ever fully resolve them. By Emily Aitken.